Email this article Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A New Pandemic and its Challenges
Abstract
Emerging of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide outbreak and a major public health problem. The present review was conducted to provide brief information about the origin, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the virus. A search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google scholar with English keywords including 2019-nCoV, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2, and novel coronavirus from December 2019 to 15 March 2020, and the search results were evaluated. Selected studies have shown that the virus may have originated from the bat. It has also been shown that the virus receptor is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is also the SARS virus receptor and is expressed in most human tissues. The most common way of virus transmission was suggested through respiratory droplets and close contact. It is also transmitted by asymptomatic patients, but vertical transmission from mother to fetus has not been confirmed. Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR is the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection, but chest computed tomography (CT) can be more sensitive to detect positive cases. Since no effective vaccine or drug for prevention and treatment of this disease has not yet been identified and also because of the high incubation and infection period, easy transmission, and the lack of complete recognition of the characteristics and stability in different environments, the best way to control of COVID-19 is to prevent the spread of the infection in different ways and take seriously personal and public hygiene.
Keywords
References
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020; 109:102433.
Bogoch, II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MUG, Khan K. Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Travel Med. 2020; 27(2):taaa008.
Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(6):548-51.
Yang H, Duan G. Analysis on the epidemic factors for the corona virus disease. Zhonghua yu Fang yi xue za zhi [Chi J Prev Med]. 2020; 54:(6):608-613.
Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020; 12(4):372.
Fani M, Teimoori A, Ghafari Sh. Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Future Virol. 2020. [In press]. https://dx.doi.org/10.2217%2Ffvl-2020-0050
Arabi YM, Murthy S, Webb S. COVID-19: a novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(5):833-6.
Park M, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJ. COVID‐19: lessons from SARS and MERS. Eur J Immunol. 2020; 50(3):308. 9. 15 R.
COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved 8 November 2020. Availible at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus.
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157-160.
Mohammadpour S, Torshizi Esfahani A, Halaji M, Lak M, Ranjbar R. An updated review of the association of host genetic factors with susceptibility and resistance to COVID-19. J Cell Physiol. 2020. [In press]. https://doi:10.1002/jcp.29868.
Perlman S. Another Decade, Another Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(8):760-2.
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020; 94(7). e00127-20
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579(7798):270-3.
Halaji M, Farahani A, Ranjbar R, Heiat M, Dehkordi FS. Emerging coronaviruses: first SARS, second MERS and third SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological updates of COVID-19. Infez Med. 2020; 28(suppl 1):6-17.
Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020; 7(1):4.
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104(3):246-51.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020; 323(11):1061-9.
Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, Xu D, Wang J, Li Z, et al. Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19: an analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process. Gut. 2020; 69(6):1010–18.
Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5(4):335-7.
Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013; 503(7477):535-8.
Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020; 133(9):1015-24.
Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020; 367(6483):1260-3.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506.
Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020; 14(2):185-92.
Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020; 97(5):829-38.
Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18):1708-20.
Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT Imaging of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295(1):18.
Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S, Lv J, Zhang X, Guo L, et al. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv. 2020. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832
Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(4):441-7.
Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201(4):P7-p8.
Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Al-Rabiah FA, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Barrak A, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13(9):752-61.
Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(20):1986-94.
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 2020; 296(2):E32-E40.
Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020; 14(1):69-71.
Mirzaie A, Halaji M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Noorbazargan H. A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020; 40:101214.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):507-13.
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10):929-36.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020; 30(3):269-71.
Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 117(20):10970-5.
Pourabdollah Toutkaboni M, Askari E, Khalili N, Tabarsi P, Jamaati H, Velayati AA, et al. Demographics, laboratory parameters and outcomes of 1061 patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a report from Tehran, Iran. New Microbes New Infect. 2020; 38:100777.
Jamaati H, Dastan F, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, Saffaei A, Hashemian SM. A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol. Iran J Pharm Res. 2020; 19(1):31-6.
Ghanbari B. On forecasting the spread of the COVID-19 in Iran: the second wave. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020; 140:110176.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52547/JCBioR.1.2.52
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 © The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.